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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
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Contributors
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- By Melisa Akan, Elisabeth Bacon, Rosemary Bradley, Alan S. Brown, Sarah Buchanan, Ana Buján, Anne M. Cleary, Katie Croft Caderao, Fernando Díaz, Anastasia Efklides, David Facal, Santiago Galdo-Álvarez, J. Richard Hanley, Trevor A. Harley, Marie Izaute, Fredrik U. Jönsson, Onésimo Juncos-Rabadán, Dilay Zeynep Karadoller, Kimberly R. Klein, Asher Koriat, Mónica Lindín, Siobhan B. G. MacAndrew, Janet Metcalfe, Chris J. A. Moulin, Ravit Nussinson, Justin D. Oh-Lee, Hajime Otani, Arturo X. Pereiro, Bennett L. Schwartz, Celine Souchay, Shelly R. Staley, Richard J. Stevenson
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- Tip-of-the-Tongue States and Related Phenomena
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- 05 June 2014
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- By Nalini Vadivelu, Christian J. Whitney, Raymond S. Sinatra, M. Khurram Ghori, Yu-Fan (Robert) Zhang, Raymond S. Sinatra, Joshua Wellington, Yuan-Yi Chia, Francis J. Keefe, Jon McCormack, Ian Power, John Butterworth, P. M. Lavand’homme, M. F. De Kock, Bradley Urie, Oscar A. de Leon-Casasola, Frederick M. Perkins, Larry F. Chu, David Clark, Martin S. Angst, Cynthia M. Welchek, Lisa Mastrangelo, Raymond S. Sinatra, Richard Martinez, Scott S. Reuben, Asokumar Buvanendran, Raymond S. Sinatra, Pamela E Macintyre, Julia Coldrey, Daniel B. Maalouf, Spencer S. Liu, Susan Dabu-Bondoc, Samantha A. Franco, Raymond S. Sinatra, James Benonis, Jennifer Fortney, David Hardman, Gavin Martin, Holly Evans, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy S. Tucker, Stephen M. Klein, Benjamin Sherman, Ikay Enu, Raymond S. Sinatra, James W. Heitz, Eugene R. Viscusi, Jonathan S. Jahr, Kofi N. Donkor, Raymond S. Sinatra, Manzo Suzuki, Johan Raeder, Vegard Dahl, Stefan Erceg, Keun Sam Chung, Kok-Yuen Ho, Tong J. Gan, Dermot R. Fitzgibbon, Paul Willoughby, Brian E. Harrington, Joseph Marino, Tariq M. Malik, Raymond S. Sinatra, Giorgio Ivani, Valeria Mossetti, Simona Italiano, Thomas M. Halaszynski, Nousheh Saidi, Javier Lopez, Kate Miller, Ferne Braveman, Jaya L. Varadarajan, Steven J. Weisman, Sukanya Mitra, Raymond S. Sinatra, Theodore J. Saclarides, Knox H. Todd, James R. Miner, Chris Pasero, Nancy Eksterowicz, Margo McCaffery, Leslie N. Schechter, Amr E. Abouleish, Govindaraj Ranganathan, Tee Yong Tan, Stephan A. Schug, Marie N. Hanna, Spencer S. Liu, Christopher L. Wu, Craig T. Hartrick, Garen Manvelian, Christine Miaskowski, Brian Durkin, Peter S. A. Glass
- Edited by Raymond S. Sinatra, Oscar A. de Leon-Cassasola, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, Eugene R. Viscusi, Brian Ginsberg
- Foreword by Henry McQuay
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- Acute Pain Management
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4 - MILLENNIAL LIBERALISM AND DUAL MILITARIZATION
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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- Strategic Studies and World Order
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- 05 May 1994, pp 81-105
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Summary
“Nuclear Weapons: Power Through Modernization”
(New York Times, May 23,1983)The development of nuclear strategy and its extension to the far corners of the globe in the postwar world were made possible only through the optimism and enthusiasm of American power and culture. While Soviet policy played no small role in the subsequent development of nuclear militarization, the leading edge role assumed by US strategy established a precedent that deserves attention in its own right, even though it cannot alone be held accountable for the ensuing scope of the world military order that developed in the postwar era. Nonetheless, as the self-appointed post-colonial power responsible for liquidating colonial holdings worldwide, and as the sole world power whose economic, industrial, military and political capabilities enabled it to assume global functions, the US bears particular scrutiny. Moreover, the accessibility of source material to researchers in the field has enabled students of strategy to achieve a far more detailed picture of American strategic policy than has been possible with respect to the Soviet Union, Britain or France. For all of these reasons, a sustained look at the American contribution to postwar militarization is appropriate, though it should not be mistaken for a “burden of guilt” argument placing exclusive responsibility for subsequent militarization on American shoulders.
Strategic Studies and World Order
- The Global Politics of Deterrence
- Bradley S. Klein
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In this 1994 book Bradley Klein draws upon debates in international relations theory to raise important questions about the nature of strategic studies. He argues that post-modern critiques of realism and neorealism open up opportunities for new ways of thinking about nuclear deterrence. In clear and uncluttered language, he explores the links between modernity, state-building and strategic violence, and argues that American foreign policy, and NATO, undertook a set of dynamic political practices intended to make and remake world order in the image of Western identity. Klein warns against too facile a celebration of the end of the Cold War, concluding that it is even more imperative today to appreciate the scope and power of the Western strategic project. The book will be of interest to students of international relations theory, strategic studies, peace studies, and US foreign policy.
3 - WHAT NUCLEAR REVOLUTION?
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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A wall was erected between the dvil and the military, a wall which cut off all relations between them and shut them away from each other's view. And because the people on the inside of the wall were engaged in something which seemed mysterious to profane eyes, those on the outside considered that something beyond their comprehension and bowed to it with a respect almost religious.
(Giulio Douhet)The last chapter explored the political nature of strategic thought. In this chapter, attention focuses on nuclear deterrence. Arguments about the character of nuclear strategy have been decisively shaped by claims made nearly a half a century ago regarding a “revolution” in the nature of political-military strategy that was ushered in with the advent of the overwhelming offensive power of atomic and thermonuclear weaponry. This has been called the nuclear revolution, the absolute triumph of offense over defense, and with it a transformation of the nature of military force, from war-winning to war-prevention through deterrence. But such arguments are founded on technical understandings of military force abstracted from social purpose and cultural processes. In this chapter, I elaborate the Clausewitzian foundations of arguments about a nuclear revolution and criticize the “thin” accounts of politics, force, technology and revolution which animate such views in the first place. The result is an awareness of the rhetorical or representational practices by which Strategic Studies removes questions of organized violence from social practices.
To undertake that, I begin with a short account of realism, followed by a detailed account of the terms of nuclear “revolution.”
Frontmatter
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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6 - THE WEST OF ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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it is inappropriate to describe what is happening in terms of traditional Western categories.
(Barbara Einhorn)The internal disintegration of the Communist world and the ensuing fragmentation of the Soviet Union into constituent republics come as confirmation to some that they, or “we,” have triumphed. These developments, which a decade ago one could only have fantasized about, and which no one would have thought could happen so precipitously, have lent new-found credence to the view proclaiming “the West of all possible worlds.” This is the argument of those seeking to sustain, or revive, the Enlightenment project of a universalistic triumph of growth, progress, and modernization. Fukuyama's paean about the end of history is perhaps the clearest expression of a sentiment that has taken pride in its having defeated the Communist world and reduced it to ideological and geopolitical rubble. It is reflected, as well, in the internationalist aspirations of those who would destroy all foreign vestiges of protectionism and establish transnational regimes of free trade in their stead. Elements of it are at play, though perhaps with a touch of duplicity, when invoking the seeming inexorable march of democracy throughout the world.
Index
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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- Strategic Studies and World Order
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- 05 May 1994, pp 189-196
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Preface
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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Thanks are due to my editors, John Haslam, Michael Holdsworth and Steve Smith, for their considerable patience, and to Marcia Carlson for the index. For their help in various incarnations of arguments over the years, I am also grateful to Richard K. Ashley, William Connolly, James Der Derian, Mick Dillon, Jean Elshtain, Jim George, Stephen Gill, Marvin Koff, Allan Krass, Ekkehart Krippendorff, Chris Kruegler, Jane Nadel-Klein, H.L. Nieburg, Stephen J. Rosow, Ahmed Samatar, Michael Shapiro, Christine Sylvester, Frank Unger, R.B.J. Walker, Alex Wendt and Michael Williams. David Campbell's extensive commentary on what I thought was a completed draft proved indispensable.
Institutional support was provided by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the Peace Research Centre and the Department of International Relations of the Australian National University, and the Program on Nonviolent Sanctions at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs. Trinity College, Hartford, facilitated my getting the manuscript ready for publication.
A section of Chapter 2 was first published in Millennium. Chapter 4 incorporates material that first appeared in an article co-authored with Frank Unger in Militiirregime und Entwicklungspolitik, edited by Reiner Steinweg and published by Suhrkamp, Germany. Chapter 5 combines and elaborates various texts first published in International Studies Quarterly, Alternatives, and in an occasional paper by the Center on Violence and Human Survival at New York City's John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
A disclaimer is in order. To the extent that the following chapters appear unduly centered on the Western (or Atlantic) community, this is a deliberate analytical tactic rather than the product of some misguided ethnocentrism or Occidentalism.
Contents
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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Titles in the series
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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Bibliography
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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1 - INTRODUCTION
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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This book has its origins in the realization some years ago that the two fields in which I was most interested, social theory and strategic policy, seemed, in terms of the prevailing literature administered to graduate students at that time, to have little directly to say to one another.
Social theory was essentially occupied with issues of domestic policy – democracy, economic growth, theories of the state, and political legitimacy. Moreover, the range of concerns was largely confined to the so-called advanced industrial states, usually capitalist, but occasionally, socialist as well. The presumption was that the trajectory of Western culture had delivered most of the interesting questions to be addressed by apologists and critics of modernity. The pathologies usually attributed to these social orders were largely confined to issues seen as “internal,” so that domestic concerns were granted priority while international dimensions were relegated to other fields and neglected by social theorists themselves. The tradition of post-Marxist critical theory, from the Frankfurt School to Habermas, and including such French structuralists as Poulantzas and Althusser, was particularly egregious in its neglect of transnational issues. But post- Weberians, following the lead set by Parsons, were equally negligent in their oversight of global, transnational dimensions to problems besetting advanced industrial Western societies. Concerns with international trade and security, to say nothing of imperialism and militarization, were curiously left out of the debate. There was, in particular, no attempt to address the questions of war and peace so central to International Relations.
2 - THE POLITICS OF STRATEGIC STUDIES
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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… in the conversation among the Powers there is a convention of silence about the place of their human subjects, any interruption of which is a kind of subversion.
(Hedley Bull)There are many reasons for being concerned about military-related issues, the existence of vast nuclear arsenals being only one of them. While there is nothing particularly contemporary about questions of war and peace, it is fair to say that in the twentieth century such issues have become paramount to the life and death of whole societies. When examining those weapons of mass destruction and the strategies so crucial to their deployment, attention needs to be focused on the ways of thinking that have guided practitioners of policy. In a world in which such weapons have been widely “used” in a variety of ways short of (though, of course, including) actual detonation in warfare, the communicative, symbolic and interpretive dimensions of strategy assume enormous importance. Moreover, the very processes of militarization, both in terms of domestic armaments infrastructures and a worldwide military order, tell us that military strategy has an importance that transcends the boundaries of the standard battlefield epic.
A significant body of critical peace research has, in the last quarter of a century, contributed to a detailed understanding of how war and armaments accumulation have shaped, and often devastated, Third World affairs. Not surprisingly, such critical undertakings have remained marginal with respect to the main work of the Western strategic community. The overwhelming majority of the work produced by analysts in Strategic Studies has concerned issues of deterrence and security pertaining to the major states and their two respective alliances, NATO and the former Warsaw Pact.
Notes
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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5 - DETERRENCE AS A SOCIAL PRACTICE
- Bradley S. Klein, Trinity College, Connecticut
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- 05 May 1994, pp 106-122
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… nuclear weapons provide the glue that has held the Western alliance together.
(James Schlesinger)Baudelaire's much-cited essay of 1863, “The Painter of Modern Life,” captures an ambivalence toward order that manifests itself in the tension between production and destruction: “By ‘modernity’ I mean the ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable.”
The promise of man's making and remaking the world brings with it a recurrent striving to distance life from tradition. All human achievement, all creativity and vision, finds itself unstable and subject to displacement. Yet for any one particular moment it is art as creativity that prevails in its promise to ensure a new order. The triumphs and durability of the modernist are short-lived, so that in the words of Marx, “all that is solid melts into air.” The momentary achievements of human imagination and culture are rapidly overtaken, displaced and rendered archaic museum pieces by the onward march of progress and modernization. The relentless pursuit of the streamlined – the more rationalistic and efficient – is both an expression of human creativity and a sign of destructive restlessness.
No greater example of creative tension, of imaginative destruction and the promise of rational control, has existed than nuclear weaponry. Indeed, one can argue that the existence and proliferation of these weapons of mass destruction in effect completed the modernist dilemma. In simultaneously offering both the hope of world peace and- the promise of its apocalyptic demise, nuclear weapons have embodied the aesthetic and political antinomies to which Baudelaire referred over a century ago.
Hegemony and strategic culture: American power projection and alliance defence politics
- Bradley S. Klein
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- Review of International Studies / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / April 1988
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- 26 October 2009, pp. 133-148
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The whole field of Strategic Studies bears the crippling legacy of having abstracted question of war and peace from their embeddedness in historically produced relations of social movements, political economy and culture. The very objects of strategic analysis—states and their mutual security alliances—are presumed to have been there from the start. And the principles underpinning their interactions are likewise construed as consistent with the rules governing a state system first made evident in Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War.